GIS Glossary - Part 1

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GIS Glossary - Part 1 Glosar SIG Partea 1

AAT: Arc Attribute Table - a file for storing coverage attribute information.
Arc-node arc-nod: Method of representing map data as a set of end points and associated lines or arcs. Adjacent arc-node segments may be combined to form polygons, and thus the full map area. Related terms: vector systems, polygons.
Address matching legare prin adrese: A mechanism for relating two files using address as the key item. Geographic coordinates and attributes can subsequently be transferred from one address to another.
Annotation adnotare: Text on a drawing or map associated with displayed graphic entities.
Arc-node structure structura (topologica) arc - nod: A topological organization of graphic elements used by some GISs. Arcs represent lines that can define linear features or the boundary of areas or polygons. There is an implied direction to the line since a left and right hand side is identified. Areas bounded by such arcs can be described and shared boundaries need NOT be duplicated.
Area zona, suprafata: A closed figure (polygon) bounded by two or more lines enclosing a homogeneous region and usually represented in two dimensions only.
Aspect azimutul directiei de panta maxima: A position on a sloped surface facing a particular direction. Usually referred to in compass directions such as degrees or as cardinal directions.
Attribute atribut sau caracteristica: A distinctive feature of an object. In mapping and GIS applications, the objects are points, lines, or polygons that represent features such as sampling locations, section corners (points); roads and streams (lines); lakes, forest and soil types (polygons). These attributes can be further divided into classes such as tree species (Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine) for forest types and paved and gravel for road types. Multiple attributes are generally associated with objects that are located on a single map layer.
Automated mapping/facilities management (AM/FM): A GIS technology focused on specialized infrastructures and geographic facility information applications and management, such as factories, refineries and road/pipe/wire networks.
Band banda, canal: One layer of a multispectral image representing data values for a specific range of the electromagnetic spectrum of reflected light or heat. A standard color monitor can display three bands of a multispectral image with the red, green and blue (RGB) guns.
Boolean operations operatii booleene: Logical or mathematical operations that apply the rules of Boolean algebra, in which the results take on one of two values, e.g. yes/no, true/false, 0/1. The operators AND, OR, NOT, NOR are used to search for specific attribute values in a single map layer.
Browse cautare si pozitionare pe un articol: The process of examining the records in a database for the purpose of modifying data in various fields.
Buffer: see Corridor.
Cadastre, metes and bounds cadastru. limite cadastrale: an official register of the location, quantity, value, and ownership of real estate, compiled to serve as a basis for taxation. Property boundaries are described by their lengths and directions (bearings).
Cartographic map harta: A hand-drawn or printed document describing the spatial distribution of geographical features in terms of a recognizable and agreed symbolism.
Choropleth map: see Thematic map vezi harta tematica.
Classification clasificare: The process of creating one or more discrete data classes (equal or unequal in size) from a continuum for the purpose of discerning patterns.
Clip: The process of extracting data from a coverage that reside entirely within the boundary of features in another coverage like a 'cookie cutter'.
Computer-Aided Design (CAD): An automated system for the design, drafting and display of graphically oriented information.
Computer Assisted Management and Analysis System (CAMAS): A software menu system linking DOS, a DBMS, and other natural resource models with a GIS package.
Computer Program: A set of instructions(code) which cause a number of tasks to be performed each time the program is executed.
Configuration configuratie: The physical arrangement and connections of a computer and its associated peripheral devices.
Configuration screen ecran de configurare: A window containing a unique set of optional and manditory parameters that must be specified before a certain GIS function can be executed.
Conflation registratie a straturilor: The procedure of reconciling the positions of corresponding features in different data layers. Usually performed by rubber-sheeting operations.
Conformality conformalitate (a proiectieu): A characteristic of a map projection where small areas are represented in their true shape and angles are preserved.
Connectivity conectivitate: The ability to locate a path through a network from a source to a destination. Also a topological construct.
Contour izocurba: A line connecting points of equal value. Often in reference to a horizontal datum such as mean sea level.
Coordinate systems sisteme de coordonate: Numeric methods of representing locations on the earth's surface. Systems to measure horizontal and vertical distances on a planimetric map such as latitude/longitude, state plane, and universal transverse mercator (UTM). Relating map data to coordinate systems ensures accuracy when entering data from different sources. Related terms: projection system, registration.
Corridor coridor, zona tampon, zona buffer: A map region or area of user-specified width drawn around one or more map features. Related term; buffer.
Coverage acoperire sau strat: A digital analog of a single map sheet having one theme such as roads, soils, streams, vegetation, elevation, etc. Related terms: layer, level.
Data dictionary dictionar de date: A coded catalog of all data types listing data names and structures.
Database baza de date, BD: A digital file consisting of a set of records containing data from a user-defined domain. Each record contains fields having a specific structure. Two common organization schemes are "Hierarchical" and "relational".
Database management system (DBMS) sistem de gestiune a BD: Software which allows data attributes to be stored in files which are related (linked) to each other so as to reduce data redundancy, minimize storage and maximize searches.
Datum, geodetic datum geodezic: A set of constants specifying the coordinate system used for geodetic control, i.e., for calculating coordinates of points on the Earth (usually involves the location of the center of mass and the chosen ellipsoid fitted to the Earth's shape).
Digital elevation/terrain model (DEM or DTM) model digital altimetric (MDA): A method of analysis for processing 3-dimensional spatial data involving the manipulation of x,y coordinates of a planar surface and an elevation (z) coordinate. Maps generated from a DTM may be both 2- and 3-dimensional. Related terms: surface relief maps, perspective views.
Digital Line Graph (DLG): a commonly used format and standards for transferring vector data developed and published by the USGS.
Digitizer (manual) digitizor: A tablet or board-like device for converting analog electric signals of an absolute or relative position on the tablet surface to digital x,y coordinates. This process yields vector data consisting of points, lines, and polygons that will need to be edited. By positioning a pointing device containing a magnetic coil (cursor or pen stylus) on the tablet surface which is embedded with a grid of wires, a signal is generated. The resolution, or density of wires in the grid, vary from 1,000 to 10,000 lines per inch. Active surface sizes vary from 12 x 12 (A size) to 48 x 72 inches (E size), with prices ranging from $350 to $5,000. Related terms: digitizing mode, digital scanner, digitizer (video).
Digitizer (video) digitizor, scaner: An optical device that translates electronic analog representations of images into an array of digital values called pixels. The value of a single pixel defines the level or shade of gray "captured" from a single point on a black & white image, or unique color if using color images. The resolution of a video digitizer is determined by the number of pixels (picture elements) that can be digitized by a system: commonly based on the powers of 2, with resolution ranging from 256 x 256 to 1024 by 1024 pixels. The word-size of an array, or number of bits used to represent each pixel, determines the number of unique gray values or colors that can be analyzed by a system, e.g. 8-bit words permit up to 256 shades of gray or colors, and 24-bit words up to 16.7 million shades or colors. A video digitizer may be used in place of a manual digitizer but, since it produces a raster-based image, software must be provided to convert the data into vector mode for plotters and monitors. Related terms: scanner, pixels, raster, image analysis.
Digitizing mode mod de digitizare: The method of manually digitizing data that describes the frequency and relationship among digitized points. Three modes are available: point, line, and stream. Point mode is used to enter a single point. Line mode is used to enter straight lines by digitizing only the end points. Stream mode causes a continuous stream of points to be entered as the cursor is moved along a curve.
Dissolve dizolvare: The process of removing boundaries between adjacent polygons having the same values for a specified attribute.
DLG: Digital Line graph - A common format for transferring vector data from one GIS package to another.
Edge detection detectare a limitei sau frontierei: A software technique for automatic determination of boundaries of plane figures, such as borders between polygons.
Edge tying/matching racordare la cadru: A procedure that allows two adjoining maps to be tied together spatially at their common edge so that the positions of map features extending across map sheet boundaries can be reconciled.
Ellipsoid elipsoid: A mathematical formulation of the shape of the Earth which is defined by a semimajor axis and its eccentricity. There are 11 official ellipsoids in use throughout the world. The Clark Ellipsoid of 1866 is used in North America.
Equivalence echivalenta: Areas on one portion of a map are in scale with areas in any other portion.
False easting estul fals: An offset in the x-component of the origin of projection so that no negative x-values occur for coordinates of features on a map.
False northing nordul fals: An offset in the y-component of the origin of projection so that no negative y-values occur for coordinates of features on a map.
Feature detaliu (al hartii): A representation of a geographic entity, such as a point, line or polygon.
Font: A logical set of related patterns representing text characters or point symbology.
Geocode geocodare: The process of identifying a geographic location having x,y coordinates from another description such as an address. The operation of linking non-spatial attributes to geographic locations.
Geographic Information System (GIS) SIG: A system of spatially referenced information, including computer programs that acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data.
Geographical Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS): A public domain, raster-based, GIS software package developed by USACERL (U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories) in Champaign, Illinois. It is used by the Department of the Interior, Nat'l Park Service.
Geoid: The shape of the Earth's surface assumed at mean sea level. Elevations are reported relative to this surface.
Georeference georeferentiere: To establish a mathematical relationship between paper map coordinates and known real-world coordinates.
Global Positioning System (GPS) Sistem de pozitionare pe glob: A navigational and positioning system, under development by the U.S. Dept. of Defense, by which the location of a position on or above the Earth can be determined by a special receiver at that point interpreting signals received simultaneously from several of a constellation of special satellites.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) Interfata grafica: A graphical method to control how a user interacts with a computer's operating system to perform various tasks. Use a mouse to point and click on menu items or icons instead of typing commands at the operating system's prompt.
Graticule grila sau retea: A grid of parallels and meridans on a map.
Grid-cell celula a retelei: A single element in a grid or raster-based system, similar to the individual cell of a spreadsheet. The cell contains two types of information, its geographic (x,y) coordinates and a thematic attribute value. Grid size or scale can usually be defined by the user.
Grid systems sisteme de constructie a retelei: A mapping system of GIS in which the entire area of interest is represented by a grid or matrix of equal-sized cells. Map information can be entered via keyboard, manual or video digitizer. The size of the area represented by a single map is determined by the maximum number of grid-cells (rows by columns) allowed by the system. Maps generated by a grid system have a "blocky" appearance and may be reproduced on dot matrix or lazer printers. Related terms: grid-cell, digitizer (manual or video).
Hardware echipamente: The physical pieces, electronic and mechanical, comprising a computer system. Examples are: hard disk drive, monitor, laser printer, sound card, RAM, mouse, plotter, digitizer, etc.
Hierarchical ierarhica: A type of data storage structure that links data in a tree-like fashion. Knowledge about these data is dependent on the data structure.
Image imagine: A graphic representation of an object that is produced by an optical or electronic device. An example of this is remotely sensed data from a satellite, scanned data and photographs. An image is stored as a raster data set of binary or integer values representing the intensity of reflected light, heat or other range of values on the electromagnetic spectrum.
Image Processing (IP) procesare a imaginii: The process of converting 'raw' remotely sensed data into a usable form through the application of various transformations such as supervised and unsupervised classification schemes.
Index indice: A key associated with a relational database to facilitate the sorting of records. Also used in PAMAP to manage line and text characteristics.
Item: A field or column of data within a relational database.
KEYIN: A two-letter command in PAMAP which performs a specific function and is of the form: keyin-identifier = keyin-value. The latter may be character or numeric.
Kriging: An interpolation technique based on the premise that spatial variation continues with the same pattern.
Latitude/longitude latitudine/longitudine: A commonly-used plane coordinate system (map projection) defining the locations of features on the Earth's surface which is referenced to an ellipsoid.
Layer: see Coverage strat sau acoperire.
Level nivel: A map layer or coverage containing one unique set of features such as roads.
Map harta: A graphic representation of features using points, lines, and areas defined both by position with reference to a coordinate system and by their non-spatial attributes.
Map element element al hartii: A fundamental geographical unit of information, such as a point, line, area, or pixel.
Map Extent limitele cadrului interior al hartii: The rectangular limits (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax) that include all the features displayed on a graphics screen or plotted map.
Map Overlay and Statistical System (MOSS): A public domain GIS software package used by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
Map projection proiectia hartii: A direct geometric function or mathematical transformation which relates coordinates of points on a curved surface to coordinates of points on a plane.
Map scale scara hartii: The relationship between distances on a map and the corresponding distances on the earth's surface expressed as a fraction (constant for a given map).
Meridian: A great circle passing through the poles along which all points have the same longitude. The prime meridian also passes through the Royal Observatory located in Greenwich, England.
NAD: North American Datum (NAD27/NAD83 => 1927 or 1983 datum).
Neatline: A border line commonly drawn around the extent of a map to enclose the map, legend box, scale bar, title and other information.
Neighborhood functions functii de vecinatate: Analyses performed on spatial data that attempt to define a new value for a given location based on values in independent locations within a given distance and/or direction. Two common operations are "nearest neighbor" searches and "proximity analysis". Nearest neighbor searches attempt to find the closest occurrence of a given value to the point of interest. Proximity analyses find all occurrences of a value within a given distance to the point of interest. An example of neighborhood operations is to determine slope and aspect based on horizontal and vertical distances, and direction between digitized elevation points or contours.
Network retea: A system of interconnecting elements through which resources can be passed or transmitted.
Node nod: The beginning and ending location of a line or arc. Also the point at which arcs in a polygon network are joined.
Operating System sistem de operare: A suite of software programs that manage/control I/O devices and permit a user to interact with a computer using english words. Utilizing a set of unique commands data files are manipulated, storage/work spaces and directories are managed, and computer programs are executed.
Overlay suprapunere logica (de straturi): The process of generating a new map by combining the contents of one or more maps using mathematical operators like addition, subtraction, multiplication, exponentiation, and matrix algebra operations like inversion and transposition.

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